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Using this approach, we have been able to minimise the amount of contextualisation which must be provided by the virtual machine managers.
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We use the CernVM-FS distributed filesystem to supply the root partition files, the LHCb software stack, and the bootstrapping scripts necessary to configure the virtual machines for us. This relies on the uCernVM system for providing root images for virtual machines. We describe the architecture of these virtual machines and the steps taken to replicate the WLCG worker node environment expected by user and production jobs. The LHCb experiment has been running production jobs in virtual machines since 2013 as part of its DIRAC-based infrastructure. LHCb experience with running jobs in virtual machines Additionally, the checkpoint latency of our approach is up to 52% faster than KVM s default method.« less With respect to checkpoint file size, our approach results in file sizes within 24% or less of the actual used memory within the guest. We have validated this work by using various benchmarks to measure the latency along with the checkpoint size.
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Through the usage of VMI, we are able to determine which pages of memory within the guest are used or free and are better able to reduce the amount of pages written to disk during a checkpoint. This papermore » presents a method of checkpointing VMs by utilizing virtual machine introspection (VMI).
However, these approaches do not provide both. Recently, there has been much research into C/R with respect to virtual machines (VM) providing excellent solutions to reduce either checkpoint latency or checkpoint file size. Because clouds are the abstraction of large data centers and large data centers have a higher potential for failure, it is imperative that a C/R mechanism for such an environment provide minimal latency as well as a small checkpoint file size. This is due to the inherent benefits of virtualization including fault tolerance through checkpoint/restart (C/R) mechanisms. We demonstrate that the same virtual machine designs can be used to run production jobs on Vac and Vcycle/OpenStack sites for ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, and GridPP, and that these technologies allow sites to be operated in a reliable and robust way.Įfficient Checkpointing of Virtual Machines using Virtual Machine IntrospectionĪderholdt, Ferrol Han, Fang Scott, Stephen LĬloud Computing environments rely heavily on system-level virtualization. The virtual machine lifecycle is managed with a minimum of information, gathered from the virtual machine creation mechanism (such as libvirt or OpenStack) and using the proposed Machine/Job Features API from WLCG. Both systems allow unused shares for one experiment to temporarily taken up by other experiements with work to be done. In the case of Vcycle, a daemon manages a pool of virtual machines on an Infrastructure-as-a-Service cloud system such as OpenStack, and has within itself enough information to create the types of virtual machines to achieve the desired target shares. In the case of Vac, a daemon runs on each physical host which manages a pool of virtual machines on that host, and a peer-to-peer UDP protocol is used to achieve the desired target shares between experiments across the site. In both the Vac and Vcycle systems, the virtual machines are created outside of the experiment's job submission and pilot framework. We compare the Vac and Vcycle virtual machine lifecycle managers and our experiences in providing production job execution services for ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, and the GridPP VO at sites in the UK, France and at CERN. Managing virtual machines with Vac and Vcycle
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Version 6 is an update that uses the IDL Virtual Machine to resolve the need for licensing IDL.« less
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We have verified operation, albeit with some minor IDL bugs, on personal computers using Windows 7 and Windows Vista Unix platforms and Macintosh computers.
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Thus, xdamp is portable across many platforms. The original DAMP (DAta Manipulation Program) was written by Mark Hedemann of Sandia National Laboratories and used the CA-DISSPLA computers, Macintosh(reg sign) computers and Digital Equipment Corporation VMS(reg sign) and Alpha(reg sign) systems. Xdamp Version 6 : an IDL-based data and image manipulation program.